American Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development
Articles Information
American Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, Vol.6, No.4, Dec. 2021, Pub. Date: Dec. 6, 2021
Challenges of Mask Pollutants to Our Environment During COVID-19 Pandemic Period
Pages: 118-127 Views: 1070 Downloads: 187
Authors
[01] Phyoe Marnn, Faculty of Wetland Ecology, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
[02] Nizeyimana Jean Claude, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Department of Water Pollution Control Engineering, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
[03] Thaw Tar Oo, Faculty of Myanmar, Department of Myanmar, University of Distance Education, Bago, Myanmar.
[04] Izhaar Malik, Faculty of Wetland Ecology, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
[05] Muhammad Mateen Tahir, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
[06] Rahmatullah Fetrat, Faculty of Education, Department of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
[07] Meruyert Tastybay, Faculty of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
[08] Usman Kaku Dawuda, Faculty of Wetland Ecology, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
Abstract
Bago is one of the Divisions in Myanmar and Bago River is a river of Southern Myanmar. The City Market is situated on the river banks in Bago Division and there are a lot of pollutants along the Bago River. Most of the waste including Municipal wastewater is ending in rivers in most Divisions of Myanmar and some wastes are being burnt and thus air pollution has become one of the threats to the Environment of Myanmar. Plastic bags and disposable cups are the main problems of waste pollution in Bago River. Before COVID-19, there is no mask pollutant in Bago River and during the first waste and second wave of COVID-19, wastes of single-use masks can be found there. Organic waste can be easily destroyed naturally, however, plastic wastes and mask wastes can sustain for many years to kill aquatic animals directly and humans, avifaunae and wildlife animals indirectly. Myanmar is still poor in techniques to restore its environment, causing by pollutions and deforestations like as developed countries. This study expresses the waste pollutants in Bago River and Bago City during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Average 156 Tons of rubbish are ending up every month in Bago River. During the study period, nearly 50,000 masks were placed at the bank of Bago River and some percentages of waste masks were floating on Bago River. In a week, there are 288 Tons of rubbishes in Bago City.
Keywords
Bago River, Waste Pollution, Plastic Bags, Mask Pollutants, Rubbishes
References
[01] Phyoe Marnn, Nizeyimana Jean Claude, Bazel Al-Shaibah, Hsu Htoo, Yousef A. Al-Masnay, Haider Ali, Thu Zar Win, Ali Rajeh Al- Aizari, Hanish Sethi, Waqas Amin Khan, Izhaar Malik, “Plastic Pollution: Issues Pertaining to Developing Countries in Asia”. American Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 22, Jan, 2021, vol. 6, pp. 15-25. Available on: http://www.aiscience.org/journal/paperInfo/ajesd?paperId=5202
[02] Coronavirus face masks that end up in the sea will take 450 years to degrade, marine conservation group warns | South China Morning Post, Available on: https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health-wellness/article/3113367/covid-19-face-masks-end-sea-will-take-450-years-degrade (accessed on: 28.5.2021).
[03] Marnn, P., Htoo, H., Zin, P. M. M., Win, T. Z., Claude, N. J., Ali, H., Al-Masnay, Y. A., Al-Shaibah, B., Malik, I., & Al-aizari, A. R, “COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Public Distress, Economy and Education of Bago Division in Myanmar”. Technium Social Sciences Journal, Jan, 2021, ISSN: 2668-7798, 15 (1), 549–588. doi: https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v15i1.2240
[04] Marnn, P., Oo, T. T., Zin, P. M. M., & Jean Claude, N, “Performances of Myanmar Military in COVID-19 Pandemic Period & Disparities of Public Attitudes on Myanmar Military “Between Before COVID-19 And Present COVID-19 Period””, Technium Social Sciences Journal, Feb, 2021, ISSN: 2668-7798. 16 (1), 584–598. doi: https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v16i1.2528
[05] A. Hiemstra, L. Rambonnet, and B. Gravendeel, “The effects of COVID-19 litter on animal life,” vol. 71, pp. 215–231, 2021, doi: 10.1163/15707563-bja10052.
[06] Kuhn, S. & van Franeker, J. A. (2020) Quantitative overview of marine debris ingested by marine megafauna. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 151, 110858. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110858.
[07] Ryan, P. G. (2018) Entanglement of birds in plastics and other synthetic materials. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 135, 159-164. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.057.
[08] K. Selvaranjan, S. Navaratnam, P. Rajeev, and N. Ravintherakumaran, “Environmental challenges induced by extensive use of face masks during COVID-19: A review and potential solutions,” Environ. Challenges, vol. 3, no. February, p. 100039, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100039.
[09] Akber, A. S., Khalil, A. B., Arslan, M., 2020. Extensive use of face masks during COVID-19 pandemic: (micro-)plastic pollution and potential health concerns in the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 27, 3181–3186.
[10] Ballerini, T., Andrady, A. L., & Cole, M. (2018). Plastic pollution in the ocean: what we know and what we don’t know about. Plastic and Ocean Platform, February 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.36720.92160
[11] Besseling, E., Foekema, E. M., Van Franeker, J. A., Leopold, M. F., Kühn, S., Bravo Rebolledo, E. L., Heße, E., Mielke, L., IJzer, J., Kamminga, P., & Koelmans, A. A. (2015). Microplastic in a macro filter feeder: Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 95 (1), 248–252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.0
[12] Ferraro, G., Failler, P., 2020. Governing plastic pollution in the oceans: institutional challenges and areas for action. Environ. Sci. Policy 112, 453–460.
[13] Klemeš, J. J., Fan, Y. V., Tan, R. R., Jiang, P., 2020b. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 127, 109883.
[14] Williams-Wynn, M. D., Naidoo, P., 2020. A review of the treatment options for marine plastic waste in South Africa. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 161, 111785.
[15] Yang, Y., Liu, W., Zhang, Z., Grossart, H.-P., Gadd, G. M., 2020. Microplastics provide new microbial niches in aquatic environments. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 104, 6501–6511.
[16] Huang, J., Huang, V., 2007. Evaluation of the efficiency of medical masks and the creation of new medical masks. J. Int. Med. Res. 35, 213–223.
[17] Clean up restoration and proper plastic waste management, Available on: https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=claen+up+restoration+and+proper+plastic+waste+management (accessed on: 28.5.2021).
[18] Haque, M. S., Uddin, S., Sayem, S. M., Mohib, K. M., 2021. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) induced waste scenario: a short overview. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9, 104660.
[19] Hunt, David P. J., Fernandes, Peter M., O'Neill, Martin., Kearns, Patrick K. A., Pizzo, Sinforosa., Watters, Chrissie., Baird, Stuart and MacDougall, Niall J. J., 2021. Impact of the first COVID-19 pandemic wave on the Scottish Multiple Sclerosis Register population, 5: 276. doi: https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16349.1
[20] The Great Reset | UPROOTED PALESTINIANS: SALAM AL, Available on: https://uprootedpalestinians.wordpress.com/tag/the-great-reset/ (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[21] Bronwyn Kienapple, Apr 14, 2020, Coronavirus Pandemic's Impact on the Environment [Infographic], Available on: https://venngage.com/blog/coronavirus-impact-on-environment-infographic/ (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[22] Selvaranjan, Kajanan, Navaratnam, Satheeskumar., Rajeev, Pathmanathan and Ravintherakumaran, Nishanthan., 2021. Environmental challenges induced by extensive use of face masks during COVID-19: A review and potential solutions. ISSN: 26670100, 3: 3-4. doi: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100039.
[23] Act No. 2711 | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, Available on: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1917/03/10/act-no-2711/ (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[24] Florent Crivello. Five Promises of Micromobility, 2019. Available on: https://florentcrivello.com/index.php/2019/01/28/five-promises-of-micromobility/ (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[25] Managing The Monster. Urban Waste and Governance in Africa. Available on: https://www.idrc.ca/sites/default/files/openebooks/880-5/index.html (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[26] Manila Standard - 2019 June 3 - Monday by Manila Standard – issuu. Available on: https://issuu.com/thestandardph/docs/mspdf20190603 (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[27] Zin, Win Win., Kawasaki, Akiyuki and Win, Shelly., 2015. River flood inundation mapping in the Bago River Basin, Myanmar. 9 (4): 97-102. doi: 10.3178/hrl.9.97.
[28] Galloway, Tamara., Haward, Marcus and A. Mason, Sherri., 2020. Avialable on: https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(20)30004-X, (accessed on: 16.5.2021) doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.004.
[29] Has Covid killed off the flu? | Daily Mail Online. Available on: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-8875201/Has-Covid-killed-flu.html, (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[30] Paula Newton, CNN. Canada crushed the Covid curve but complacency is fueling a deadly second wave – CNN. Available on: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/08/world/canada-covid-second-wave/index.html (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[31] Enhanced Reader. Bago Waste Project. 2020. Available on: https://mnenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2021/01/factsheet-1-phayazay-market-site-bago-city-1.pdf (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[32] Rose, Elizabeth., Manoharan, Manonmani and Powell, Jennifer. 2020. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mental health. BJPsych Advances, ISSN: 2056-4678. 1-4. doi: 10.1192/bja.2020.78.
[33] Selvaranjan K, Navaratnam S, Rajeev P, Ravintherakumaran N. Environmental challenges induced by extensive use of face masks during COVID-19: A review and potential solutions. Environmental Challenges. 2021; 3: 100039. doi: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100039.
[34] CNN.com – Transcripts, June 8, 2021. Available on: http://sponsorcontent.go.edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/cnr.html (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
[35] Al-Mosawe, A. M., Abdulwahid, H. m. & Fayadh, N. A. H. Spectrum of CT appearance and CT severity index of COVID-19 pulmonary infection in correlation with age, sex, and PCR test: an Iraqi experience. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med 52, 40 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43055-021-00422-3
[36] Editorial policies - Competing Interests | Springer. Available on: https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests (accessed on: 16.5.2021).
600 ATLANTIC AVE, BOSTON,
MA 02210, USA
+001-6179630233
AIS is an academia-oriented and non-commercial institute aiming at providing users with a way to quickly and easily get the academic and scientific information.
Copyright © 2014 - American Institute of Science except certain content provided by third parties.